I have made a comprehensive list of nodes that I have found to work at 16K Build Resolution. This is NOT an official list. I have tested EVERY Node for your convenience.

Your results and mileage will vary. These tests were conducted on a computer with 64GB of RAM, Running a Ryzen Threadripper 1950X, with 2x 2070 Super and 1x 2080Ti.

16K Compatible (as in, these did NOT fail in the build. Results will still vary. This is NOT an official list but rather data I have gathered from tests):

All Primitive Nodes
All Adjustment Nodes
All Profile Nodes
All Filter Nodes
All Erosion Nodes
All Snow Nodes
All Water Nodes
All Output Nodes
All Utility Nodes

Geo Primitive Nodes:
Crater
Igneous
Island
Mountain
Plates
Range
Ridge
Worselands

Warp Nodes:
Displace
DWarp

Look Dev Nodes:
Carver
Fold
Shatter
Shear
Surface

Data Nodes:
Angle
Curvature
Details
Distribution
Dither
Flow
Growth
Height
Mask
Occlusion
Protrusion
Rock Map
Slope
Soil
Surftex
Velocity

Render Nodes:
Cartography

16K Incompatible (as in, these nodes FAILED on build and closed the build window):

All Color Nodes

Geo Primitive Nodes:
Badlands
Dunes
Sand

Warp Nodes:
Warp

Look Dev Nodes:
Anastomosis
Canyonizer
Stacks

Data Nodes:
Texture

Render Nodes:
Light